ECOLOPEDIA

 Biotechnology:      Biotechnology is a branch of biology that uses living organisms and biological processes for the benefit of humanity. It involves altering or transferring the unique characteristics of one organism into another to develop useful products and applications. Biotechnology is not a new concept. For instance, the use of bacteria in making yogurt and the grafting of plants are traditional techniques that have been practiced for centuries.  Techniques used in biotechnology: Genetic engineering Tissue culture Cloning Fermentation Genetic engineering:      Genetic engineering is one of the most important techniques in biotechnology. It involves directly modifying the DNA of an organism to replace a faulty gene with a healthy one or to introduce a completely new trait. Organisms produced through this process are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs) . Methods of genetic engineering:    ...

 Kingdom Protista: Protists     Kingdom Protista is a distinct kingdom of organisms. It includes mostly  eukaryotic aquatic organisms. These organisms have characteristics which cannot be classified into any other kingdom. Their mode of nutrition, reproduction, lifestyles, and body forms are different from those of the other four kingdoms. There are four major groups of protists: The single-celled protozoa Unicellular and multicellular algae Slime molds Oomycetes Protozoa: Animal-like Protist These are animal like protists. These are unicellular eukaryotic organisms.  These are free-living, symbionts or parasitic.  They ingest their food by endocytosis. They use cilia, flagella, or pseudeopodia for locomotion. Some common protozoa are: Amoeba Ciliates  Zooflagellates Apicomplexans Actinopods Foraminifera  Amoeba: Amoeba may be free-living or parasitic. They are unicellular organisms. They live in marine, freshwater and soil. They have no definite ...

What is cellular biology?       Cellular biology is a branch of biology which deal with structure and function of cell. It also deal with processes such as cell division, signaling, and energy production. Cell theory: The first scientist  to observe and name dead cells  was Robert Hook . In 1665 he examined a piece of cork under a compound microscope. He observed that there are empty spaces resembling a honeybee hive. Today we know these structures as cells.  In 1831 Robert Brown discovered the nucleus. This discovery proved that cells are not empty spaces. A German botanist Mtthias   Schleiden and German zoologist Theodor Schwann work independently and presented a theory called the  cell theory . They observed that there are three basic pats of a cell: Cytoplasm, nucleus, and outermost covering, plasma ...

 Biomolecules:     Biomolecules are organic macromolecules which are produced by living organisms, essential for life. Carbon and hydrogen are basic units of biomolecules. They are classified into following categories: Carbohydrates Lipids proteins  Carbohydrates:     Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. The general formula is  C n ​ ( H 2 ​ O ) n.  The word carbohydrate means hydrated carbon. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as the same ratio in water.  Classification of carbohydrates:     Carbohydrates are classified into three groups. Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides polysaccharides Monosaccharides:    These are simple and sweet sugar. These are easily soluble in water. Chemically, they are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. With aldehyde group these sugar are called aldo-sugar and with ketone group is called keto-sugar . They are called trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and...

 Kingdom Animalia:     Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms.  Heterotrophic organisms(animals) are include in  Animalia . Animalia is come from Latin word anima which means soul. Animals are might be evolved from protoctists. There is vast diversity of organisms in kingdom Animalia, from simple sponges to complex mammals.  General characteristics: They are motile. They heterotrophic organisms(depend on other animal and plants for food). They are multicellular complex organisms.  Their cell are without cell wall. Their growth and development have very complex stages i.e. embryonic development. They may be radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry. They can primarily reproduce sexually and few are asexually. Classification of animals:        Animals are classified into two groups: Invertebrate and vertebrate. Invertebrates:     The animals which are without backbone are called invertebrates. They are simple animals. T...

 What is evolution?     Evolution is a process in which organisms are changed from over time. In other words evolution is refers to a phenomena in which an organism develops into another organism. Theory of evolution vs Theory of special creation:     There are two types of scientist; Creationists who believe in god and evolutionists who believe in evolution. Creationists believe that there is divine force who create all living organisms, in their present forms. This theory is known as theory of special creation. This theory was given by Carolus Linnaeus . He classified organisms into groups according to genus. He believed that species were permanent creation. Evolutionists believe that organisms are transform their genetic make-up and those organisms can survive who can change and suited with environment this belief is known as natural selection . For example dinosaurs are extinct because food chain had collapsed. This theory was given by Charles Darwin . S...